The north american fly fishing forum

11,712. Location. South of the Catskills. Mar 18, 2015. #16. Hunt, Next to Abel and Hatch most other reels do suffer by comparison. But in trout fishing, as rods get lighter, there is a major need for skeletonized, light weight reels with adequate performances for proper match up and Nautilus and Galvan are two important contenders here.Feb 11, 2024 · Feb 11, 2024. #4. RRRod&GunClub said: The use case for this next rod would largely be for the small spring creeks in dry fly fishing and light nymph work, ie midge and tiny bwos. For the type of pursuit mentioned above, specifically, you need something smaller, I'd opt for a good 7'6" to 8'6" 3 or 4 weight. Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong revenue growth (+56%), North American market penetration confirmed 28-Feb-2023 / 18:30 CET/CEST Dissemination... Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong r...Nov 6, 2023 · In fact, it took until page 28 to see anything related to actual fishing. 28 pages of clothing and crap. I guess BPS/Cabela's are a "lifestyle company" like Orvis Then there are three whole pages of fishing stuff containing a whopping two fly fishing specific items listed, their own brand reel and a Redington Path II rod and reel outfit for $100. In this guide, we share the best ways to fly to New Zealand with points and miles. This is a comprehensive guide for North America. We may be compensated when you click on product ...29. Location. NC. Jun 21, 2016. #8. If I remember most of the Davidson is in the Pisgah National Forest and is fly fishing only catch and release now don't hold me to that it might have changed on the fly fishing only.I'm a big 6wt fan and have a slow action 7'6" 6wt Cabela's CGR glass rod for my small water fishing, a 6wt TFO Axiom II-X for my heavier streamer/bass/carp fishing, and the 6wt Pro II was there as my medium-fast all-around trout rod that also doubled as a great rod for short to medium distance bass fishing when the Axiom II-X felt like overkill.Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong revenue growth (+56%), North American market penetration confirmed 28-Feb-2023 / 18:30 CET/CEST Dissemination... Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong r...Gear Reviews | The North American Fly Fishing Forum - sponsored by Thomas Turner. Home. Forums. Tackle Talk. Gear Reviews. Get the reviews you need. …Sep 19, 2021 · FL. Sep 19, 2021. #4. Welcome to the forum tiggbigms252 - Not sure what your budget may be, but for a glass creek rod I'd recommend the Epic 370 or 476. I fish the Epic 476 and love it. On small streams, you seldom cast more than 35', usually 15'-25', and at that distance Epic FastGlass2 rods really shine. They offer a rod building kit that's a ... The below is from Orvis Fly Fishing "Live Chat": Paul C.: Ok the first impregnated rod came out in 1954 Paul C.: All of the information regarding those early rods are on this page. The agent is sending you to Bamboo Information Page - Wesley D. Jordan Biography. "The result was just what Duckie Corkran (2nd owner of Orvis) and Wes …On my 4th or 5th cast, I got a strike and it was fish on. An 8" Rainbow, which for this stream is a near-trophy (the typical fish there is 5-6" and more likely to be smaller than larger). So a great way to break in the new rod! I am so impressed with the rod. Just exceptional for the small, tight waters I fish so often. It roll casts …Sep 22, 2015 · The sight fishing has been incredible and seeing 18 inch trout come up and slowly inspect flies has made me a paranoid fly tier. In rivers fish only have a few seconds to decide to hit something. In these mountain lakes with 4-6ft of visibility the fish sometimes slowly circle my fly for 30 seconds before they decide to take it. Reaction score. 2,184. Location. Portland and Maupin, Oregon. May 15, 2022. #4. Matthew describes the Dynamix as having the same taper design as the Anomaly. Being impressed with my Anomaly Z, I was thinking about an 8wt. Dynamix as an inexpensive rod for the rare occasion I’d need it.North American seagulls do migrate, but the distances of migration vary among species. For example, Franklin’s Gulls migrate from Canada to Mexico while Herring Gulls fly from Cana...The North American trade landscape is a dynamic and interconnected system that presents numerous opportunities for collaboration. With the United States, Canada, and Mexico at its ...Asheville, NC. Apr 8, 2018. #20. If you want some good, but not exhaustive information about trout fishing in Wester North Carolina, get the book: The Southern Appalachian Fly Guide by J.E.B. Hall. It lists a lot of good water by region with excellent details, a photograph, and usually accurate driving instructions.When planning your next trip, it’s crucial to be aware of the specific flight requirements set by the airline you’ll be flying with. American Airlines, one of the largest and most ...I had noticed recently that some shops have had the G Loomis IMX Pro and IMX Pro Short Spey rods on closeout. I was wondering if they were going away altogether, but I just received an email announcing three new series of rods: two (the IMX-Pro V2 and the IMX-Pro V2 Shortspey) look to be the "new and improved" versions of the …Aug 15, 2014 · Sacramento CA. Aug 19, 2014. #20. My 'gill set up is the same as my high mountain Sierras set up. Custom 7'6" 1wt full flex rod with Orvis Battenkill BBS reel with the RIO Trout LT DT line. Bluegills have small mouths and respond killer to small unweighted nymphs as well as small dries. Tiny flying black bugs found in North America include fruit flies, gnats, drain flies, no-see-ums and boxelder bugs. Of these, only boxelder bugs are considered “true bugs.” Fruit ...Jul 9, 2022 · 1881 - Book of the Black Bass comprising its complete Scientific and Life History together with a Practical Treatise on Angling and Fly Fishing, James A. Henshall, MD. This is perhaps the earliest scholarly work on fly-fishing for largemouth and smallmouth bass which were probably considered lesser gamefish to trout and salmon at the time. Oct 24, 2021 · The best fly fishing advice I’ve ever heard came from noted author, lecturer and casting instructor Gary Borger. “Of the the things that are important in fly fishing, on a scale of 1 - 10, DRAG is 1,000”. Learn to cast, mend and eliminate drag. The best way to do that is get on the river and fish. The natural resources which enabled the growth of the North American middle colonies included the availability of soil suitable to growing staple crops and raising livestock, abund...Tiny flying black bugs found in North America include fruit flies, gnats, drain flies, no-see-ums and boxelder bugs. Of these, only boxelder bugs are considered “true bugs.” Fruit ...Nov 24, 2011 · Re: A Thread for the Dry Fly Purest; Hi Ard, You've pretty much summed up dry fly fishing for me. Yvonne and I would rather catch bluegills on drys, than dredge a nymph for deep trout. Blue-Winged Olives are a particular favorite, and we can usually get something to rise to a small BWO of the temperature is above 50 degrees. As far as fish-fighting ability, the GS 884 is fine, maybe even a little better than the others because of the light tippet one fishes on that river. It is really more the weather conditions that dictate the selection of rod …Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong revenue growth (+56%), North American market penetration confirmed 28-Feb-2023 / 18:30 CET/CEST Dissemination... Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong r...North American Fly Fishing. Sharing Knowledge & Tactics, Photographs, Stories, Conservation Efforts, even the occasional beer.Also played the the 10’10” 2wt Diamondback ideal nymph, and ~270 fish on it, I can say it’s a serious contender for mid range king, at 2.9oz on a 10’10” 2wt it’s a seriously light rod, couple that with how light of a reel it can run at about 5.5-6oz, it’s a rod that’s comfortable to fish literally all day it strains me no more ...Nov 20, 2015 · The UK Fly Fishing Forum. Salmon Fishing Forum. Sea Trout Forum. Thomas Turner. Menu ... Upper North Platte Map. mcnerney; Nov 3, 2014; Replies 12 Views 9K. Jan 31, 2020. Planned trips (lodging secured) are: early May with the wife on the Missouri, after two days she flies home and my buddy flies in for a few days. Mid August fishing on the Madison with my teenage daughter, which will mostly include playing a round of golf on the drive up. Late August fishing on the Madison and Yellowstone with the wife.A forum community dedicated to fly fishing and sporting enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about safety, licenses, tips, tricks, rivers, reviews...Flying with American Airlines? It’s important to be aware of the flight requirements set by the airline to ensure a smooth and hassle-free travel experience. Before boarding an Ame...Reaction score. 2,184. Location. Portland and Maupin, Oregon. May 15, 2022. #4. Matthew describes the Dynamix as having the same taper design as the Anomaly. Being impressed with my Anomaly Z, I was thinking about an 8wt. Dynamix as an inexpensive rod for the rare occasion I’d need it.Mar 18, 2023 · Fishing the Kenai penninsula is the least desirable way to fish Alaska, IMO, but likely the best place to go with nonfishing people. Everywhere else in Alaska will not have much, if any, tourist type stuff to do. Drive inland, the roads aren't secrets because there are only a couple of them. Nov 20, 2019 · MBWCC. Considering my experience in way north Idaho (Coeur d’Alene lake tribs and north in the Idaho panhandle) and excluding any tailwater rivers: Runoff ends late June (call it first July) to mid-July. Waters get low and/or too warm to fish in some rivers (e.g. St. Joe) by early August. Best times in northern Idaho are either mid or late ... Dec 10, 2013. #17. You should try to cast accurately into an 18 inch circle at 50 feet, 12 inch circle at 40 feet and a 6 inch circle at 30 feet. In terms of distance with a dry fly try to cast 80 - 85 feet, all casts with a 9 ft 5 wt rod.Nov 22, 2023 · 409. Nov 22, 2023. #1. As much as I love fly fishing, it remains a close second to upland bird hunting with my dogs of which I have been blessed with several very good dogs. Last years record snow and summer rains revitalized the habitat to a great extent although much of the CRP has gone back into production. A couple pics from last week. Waterloo, IL. Mar 1, 2019. #1. I decided to post here because it seems the closest type of watercraft to a canoe, although drift boats might also suffice. I am 69 and still own 5 canoes. My 3 workhouses are a Mad River MR explorer, an MR revelation (which is a 17 ft explorer hull), a Kevlar prospector, and a Bell Northwind at 40 lbs.2004 -Xi2 -New Saltwater rod was first with new generation 5 (G5) Technology. 2005 -TXL -Near weightless for light lines. 2005 -Fli -Entry Level Fast Action taper with maximum power transfer. 2005 -Launch -Entry Level smoth progressive power curve and very high strength to weight ratio.Aug 5, 2019 · The Orvis 7'6" 4wt is my favorite from that line-up and is fast (for glass). I think someone else here mentioned Steffen and my Steffens are by far my favorite rods I own and are also on the faster side for glass. C. Traveling can be a stressful experience, but with the right airline, it doesn’t have to be. American Airlines offers nonstop flights to hundreds of destinations around the world, m...I'm a big 6wt fan and have a slow action 7'6" 6wt Cabela's CGR glass rod for my small water fishing, a 6wt TFO Axiom II-X for my heavier streamer/bass/carp fishing, and the 6wt Pro II was there as my medium-fast all-around trout rod that also doubled as a great rod for short to medium distance bass fishing when the Axiom II-X felt like overkill.The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. A forum community dedicated to fly fishing and sporting enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about safety, licenses, tips, tricks, rivers, reviews...A 6 weight Radian or Meridian with a 200 grain sink tip and an unweighted fly (maximum 4’ of leader) can easily hit targets 75-80 feet with great accuracy and get the fly down to the fish. The only thing that begins to screw up longer casts with big streamers are ones that cause a lot of wind resistance.They'll go wild for flies that imitate their natural forage, such as crayfish, leeches, baitfish, and gobies. I'll use the pre-spawn Smallmouths here as examples. I use an 8wt fly rod because when the Smallies are in pre-spawn, there are still very aggressive post-spawn Northern Pike around. I also use an 8wt because of the flies I throw at them.The largest, most active online fly fishing community in the region! Join us and enjoy the endless amounts of fly fishing knowledge, stories and conversation! We value your privacy, and vow to NEVER bring in any invasive ad campaigns that use trackers and data harvesting technology. ... It goes against everything this forum was founded on.New posts Search forums Fishing Magic The UK Fly Fishing Forum Salmon Fishing Forum Sea Trout Forum Thomas Turner. What's new. New posts Latest ... Two years ago I went to South America. My flight from the US to South America was on a foreign carrier and they don't allow rods and reels to be carried …Mar 1, 2021 · A weighted nymph box, an unweighted nymph box (both of these are just one-sided), a dry fly box (two-sided), a tiny junk fly box (one-sided), and a box for larger random flies I almost never use. The random box I made 25 years ago from a Nintendo cartridge container and foam, back when l lived in Oregon where steelhead were around. The natural resources which enabled the growth of the North American middle colonies included the availability of soil suitable to growing staple crops and raising livestock, abund...I have found over the years that a size 2 or so Crayfish fly on a sink tip line where you hit the bank or structure, let the fly drop to the bottom, make a couple of hard quick strips and pause, let the fly sink back to the bottom, and repeat. I have not found that taking the time to strip the fly back to the boat is productive with crayfish flies.Nov 17, 2023 · The Force M1, FAST ACTION fly rod is a carbon blended graphite rod, designed specifically for musky by Limit Creek Fishing Rod Company and Gabe Schubert, renowned musky fly fisherman. A serious tool for serious anglers, pursuing big fish with huge flies.A unique handle configuration combines an... Central Florida. Aug 4, 2009. #6. Hi Everyone, The Brodin Ghost Net series is a great net. The bag is thermoplastic and I think lighter than a rubber net. You get the same non-snag feature as you do with rubber. The net pretty well disappears in the water so less likely to …Tiny flying black bugs found in North America include fruit flies, gnats, drain flies, no-see-ums and boxelder bugs. Of these, only boxelder bugs are considered “true bugs.” Fruit ...Nov 24, 2023 · General Discussion. General discussions regarding fly fishing as a whole. Ask questions. Get answers... Feb 4, 2022 · Western Washington. Feb 4, 2022. #6. I've been in this area for quite a while, and there is nothing even vaguely comparable to what you will find on the East side of the state, Idaho, Montana, etc, etc. Some activity in lakes, but rivers with good populations of trout are unfortunately somewhat hard to come by. Northern California. Mar 19, 2012. #9. A guy came into the fly shop with an inexpensive new Eagle Claw that he got from the flea market. He wanted to figure out whether to put a 4 or a 5 weight line in it, and it would be a good starter for his kid. The rod snapped at the ferrule after a few minutes of casting.Reaction score. 112. Location. On a trout stream/Suburban Pittsburgh. Apr 5, 2016. #6. 8'6 is an ideal rod length for the Driftless, especially if you only have one rod. You're in great shape. 8'6 #4 was my most used rod on the smaller streams but I'd fish a 9'0 on the larger water.Apr 17, 2022 · Colorado. Apr 18, 2022. #15. Many years ago I created a fly box and insert system so I could always use the same 4 fly boxes and just swap out inserts based on where I went fishing. Mostly I organize them first by fly type (dry, streamer, EN, wets, nymphs/emergers) then within that I group them by insect (or fly). Nov 20, 2019 · MBWCC. Considering my experience in way north Idaho (Coeur d’Alene lake tribs and north in the Idaho panhandle) and excluding any tailwater rivers: Runoff ends late June (call it first July) to mid-July. Waters get low and/or too warm to fish in some rivers (e.g. St. Joe) by early August. Best times in northern Idaho are either mid or late ... 11,712. Location. South of the Catskills. Mar 18, 2015. #16. Hunt, Next to Abel and Hatch most other reels do suffer by comparison. But in trout fishing, as rods get lighter, there is a major need for skeletonized, light weight reels with adequate performances for proper match up and Nautilus and Galvan are two important contenders here.Fly fishing forums are a haven for like-minded anglers who can talk about patterns, casting, and techniques all day. Lack local friends who share your hobby? Turn to a fly fishing forum. The …Today, the early Powell bamboo rods easily can sell for $2,000. But fly-fishers form a tightly knit group in which three generations of Powells hold seats of honor. When rods from imported bamboo first started being made in the United States, between 1910 and 1920, most came out of production rod companies.My "indicator" is split about 50/50 between a hopper type fly or a yarn/wool tuft. I may change the leader set up - sometimes - but not the main fly line. I have Cortland 444 Peach WF5F on one rod, Scientific Anglers Mastery Infinity WF5F on another, and factory-spooled Orvis Clearwater WF5F line on my beginner Encounter kit.Nice reel overall, but not really confidence inspiring. I have been doing a lot of reading and think I have my choices narrowed down to the Orvis Mirage LT or the Nautilus Classic XL Max with a standard XL spool. Both of the reels seem identical in features. Also, I am not a fan of the standard X.Assurances that most casualties in a war with North Korea would take place on the Korean Peninsula are not sitting well with South Koreans. Don’t worry: If the North Korea crisis e...North American Fly Fishing. Sharing Knowledge & Tactics, Photographs, Stories, Conservation Efforts, even the occasional beer.Jan 6, 2011 · The UK Fly Fishing Forum. Salmon Fishing Forum. Sea Trout Forum. Thomas Turner. Menu Log in Register Home. Forums. Fly Tyer's Round Table General Fly Tying ... 409. Nov 22, 2023. #1. As much as I love fly fishing, it remains a close second to upland bird hunting with my dogs of which I have been blessed with several very good dogs. Last years record snow and summer rains revitalized the habitat to a great extent although much of the CRP has gone back into production. A couple pics from last week.The death threats started after the first time Jimmy Dushku tweeted back at North Korea’s official Twitter account, @uriminzok. He’s the only American followed by the official Twit...On my 4th or 5th cast, I got a strike and it was fish on. An 8" Rainbow, which for this stream is a near-trophy (the typical fish there is 5-6" and more likely to be smaller than larger). So a great way to break in the new rod! I am so impressed with the rod. Just exceptional for the small, tight waters I fish so often. It roll casts amazingly ...Mar 18, 2014. #6. The Housatonic in Conn. can get overheated in midsummer, with all the fish stacking up over spring holes for oxygen in order to survive. When that happens you shouldn't try to catch them, because the stress of fighting can leave them so oxygen-starved that they die after release.Nov 20, 2015 · The UK Fly Fishing Forum. Salmon Fishing Forum. Sea Trout Forum. Thomas Turner. Menu ... Upper North Platte Map. mcnerney; Nov 3, 2014; Replies 12 Views 9K. Jan 31, 2020. 4. Is there a local TU chapter? Concord Chapter Search | Trout Unlimited - Conserving coldwater fisheries Sign-up for the NH fish and game news letter, they send out fishing reports. Continue to read the local forums, and Google Maps. Lake and rivers hold Trout and a few are stocked and have special regulations. The Fish and Game site …General Fly Fishing Discussion. Saltwater Fly Fishing. Bonefish, Tarpon, Redfish, Permit, False Albacore, Striped Bass, etc... 1. 2. 3. … 91. Next. Filters. What …Featuring fishing tackle offers from retailers, manufacturers and others in the trade. Please see first post for information on how to register. In the unlikely event of a dispute please handle this privately or advise Admin. Please note the …The sight fishing has been incredible and seeing 18 inch trout come up and slowly inspect flies has made me a paranoid fly tier. In rivers fish only have a few seconds to decide to hit something. In these mountain lakes with 4-6ft of visibility the fish sometimes slowly circle my fly for 30 seconds before they decide to take it.The 7'6" - 8' 6" +/- class of 3wt (and 4wt rods too) of current production rods are, fortunately for us, some of the nicest rods that have ever been produced. I fished, arguably, two of Winston's finest models, an 8' 3wt and 8' 4wt IM6's for more years than I can count. These rods were, and are, wonderful, specialized, fishing tools.Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong revenue growth (+56%), North American market penetration confirmed 28-Feb-2023 / 18:30 CET/CEST Dissemination... Waga Energy Waga Energy: Strong r...McCall, ID. Jul 21, 2014. #2. I've done 2 "tours" of New Mexico, one for work and one for school. While there are certainly better fly fishing spots in the west, NM can be decent depending on where in the state you land. My favorite part of the state for fly fishing is the Taos area. Quick access to the Red River and the Cimmaron.Feb 19, 2021 · The UK Fly Fishing Forum. Salmon Fishing Forum. Sea Trout Forum. Thomas Turner. Menu Log in Register Home. Forums. General Fly Fishing Discussion I'm a big 6wt fan and have a slow action 7'6" 6wt Cabela's CGR glass rod for my small water fishing, a 6wt TFO Axiom II-X for my heavier streamer/bass/carp fishing, and the 6wt Pro II was there as my medium-fast all-around trout rod that also doubled as a great rod for short to medium distance bass fishing when the Axiom II-X felt like overkill.The death threats started after the first time Jimmy Dushku tweeted back at North Korea’s official Twitter account, @uriminzok. He’s the only American followed by the official Twit...Actually you (and others) may facilitate a bit of a change in fly-fishing, with your complaint. The same complaint that many of us Boomers have - diminishing eyesight. Seems like the time is right for some enterprising hook makers - and professional fly-tyers - to take notice and offer more flies with oversized eyes.At G. Loomis, Gary Loomis, a machinist by trade, designed and built his own rolling machines. The increased pressure he could now apply minimised trapped air bubbles, greatly …29. Location. NC. Jun 21, 2016. #8. If I remember most of the Davidson is in the Pisgah National Forest and is fly fishing only catch and release now don't hold me to that it might have changed on the fly fishing only.Fifth-freedom flights from North America can offer some terrific value when redeeming points or miles. See which routes and carriers are the best to book. Editor’s note: This is a ...Nov 24, 2023 · General Discussion. General discussions regarding fly fishing as a whole. Ask questions. Get answers... General Fly Fishing Discussion. Saltwater Fly Fishing. Bonefish, Tarpon, Redfish, Permit, False Albacore, Striped Bass, etc... 1. 2. 3. … 91. Next. Filters. What …Sep 22, 2015 · The sight fishing has been incredible and seeing 18 inch trout come up and slowly inspect flies has made me a paranoid fly tier. In rivers fish only have a few seconds to decide to hit something. In these mountain lakes with 4-6ft of visibility the fish sometimes slowly circle my fly for 30 seconds before they decide to take it. Very good content! I was just looking at the post you made about getting it down. I fish Skagit heads with mono running line for steelhead in Oregon and mainly use 10-13 ft. T-11 and T-14 sink tips and a MOW tip here and there.4. Is there a local TU chapter? Concord Chapter Search | Trout Unlimited - Conserving coldwater fisheries Sign-up for the NH fish and game news letter, they send out fishing reports. Continue to read the local forums, and Google Maps. Lake and rivers hold Trout and a few are stocked and have special regulations. The Fish and Game site …An update to my original post and some more information. I fished the Dynamix 6 weight this weekend with a 250 grain sink tip line and it was a blast. We were hitting the banks with casts of 30-60 feet from a boat and it performed like a champ. You couldn't force the rod but with a nice relaxed stroke it easily got the job done.Central Florida. Aug 4, 2009. #6. Hi Everyone, The Brodin Ghost Net series is a great net. The bag is thermoplastic and I think lighter than a rubber net. You get the same non-snag feature as you do with rubber. The net pretty well disappears in the water so less likely to …North American seagulls do migrate, but the distances of migration vary among species. For example, Franklin’s Gulls migrate from Canada to Mexico while Herring Gulls fly from Cana...Dec 20, 2021 · 1,544. Location. Boston, Mass. Mar 8, 2023. #16. I have no idea if they're any good, never heard of them until now, but I have enough of a problem with tangling weighted nymph rigs that I am curious. They are $25 for a pack of 10, not $25 each. That's not much more than the price of flies, so maybe they're worth a try. Sep 25, 2013 · Messages. 471. Reaction score. 251. Sep 25, 2013. #2. Not sure how strong or type of action of a 5 weight you want, but check out the redington CT (Classic Trout). Smooth medium action rod built for trout fishing. think they are around 149 bucks, but you can find them on sale for 80-90 at times from cabelas, the clymb, etc. Google redington ct ... General Fly Fishing Forums. General Fly Fishing Discussion. FISHING MAGIC NAFFF SALMON FISHING SEA TROUT. North American FFF. Jump to Latest …Jan 24, 2017 · 5,560. Location. Albuquerque, NM. Jan 24, 2017. #2. If your budget can take an extra $100 hit, the Scott Flex is reputed to be one of the best 6-weights at any price, anywhere. It also now has the option of either the traditional trout grip, and the full wells with a fighting butt. EDIT: By the way, love your handle! The Stickman Ti5 10 foot 5 weight is lighter in swingweight than the Hardy UL NSX, but in terms of action and feel, there is not much in it. I look at the Stickman as being a 5/6 where as the Hardy is a pure 6 and can handle a 7 if need be. The swingweight of both the 6 and 7 NSX is lighter than the original Loomis … | rupomkkr (article) | ezba.